Saturday, December 28, 2019

Carbon Methodology - 1505 Words

Mouhamad Diabate UID: 109-039-840 Intern at Prince Georges County Office of Information Technology and Communications Department Of Geographic Information System BSOS 386 Section: 0401 Experiential Learning My internship is with the Geographic Information System Department of the Office of Information Technology and Communication of Prince Georges County government. The OITC deals with any technology related issues in the county. The Geographic Information System Department assists all the other county agencies and some private companies in their need of Geographic services. The department is relatively small compared to the work load. In the previous years there used to be†¦show more content†¦It facilitates the tasks when I cannot find any accurate information about a place that I need to map. I would input the address in Pictometry and it gives me the location and the picture of the area. That helps me in finding whether the place is still existing or not. Another aspect I enjoyed was the fact that I was welcomed in the department as an expert in the field. Before my internship, some friends warned me that I would mostly like be doing office clerk tasks, such as making copies, typing word documents, or even getting coffee for the entire office. But I was doing dealing with real information that would be actually used or needed by someone. Mr. Patrick once called me in a meeting two weeks after I started. He wanted me to take over a project from the county Department of Public Works, so he arranged a meeting with the head of the snowplowing route administration. He needed to have some maps corrected and updated. The maps included snowplowing routes by areas. The major problems in the map that he made were the streets labels; they were all overlapping at the intersections, and the textures used to symbolize some roads where not adequate. I also gave him some tips and additional suggestions that I can include to improve the maps quali ty. The interactions that I have with my supervisors and colleagues are very positive. The relationship can almost be defined as a mentoring relationship. My supervisor is a well educated individual who has been inShow MoreRelatedComparative Investigation of Organic Compounds1416 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organic compounds are the complex compounds of carbon. Because carbon atoms bond to one another easily, the basis of most organic compounds is comprised of carbon chains that vary in length and shape. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are the most common atoms that are generally attached to the carbon atoms. Each carbon atom has 4 as its valence number which increases the complexity of the compounds that are formed. Since carbon atoms are able to create double and triple bonds with otherRead MoreDesign And Fabrication Of Beam Hammer Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesmechanism. Cast iron plates are used to construct the rigid beam engine mechanism which is one of the applications of four bar chain. The wooden bed is used to absorb the vibrations caused while operating the system. Nuts and bolts are made up of carbon steel which is capable of withstand deformation while reciprocating motion takes place. The hammer and the work rest are made up of mild steel because while hammer hittin g the work piece deformation occurs both in the hammer and the work rest. ToRead MoreWhat Is Human Nature?1735 Words   |  7 Pagesworld works. They wanted to know all about universal human nature, such as why all human beings are alike. Secondly, out of the Enlightenment, we have an intellectual ability to understand the world through science. Defined, science is an empirical methodology in which accurate descriptive data is logically analyzed, resulting in defensible, logical conclusions. The dilemma with answering the question, â€Å"What is human nature?†, was that our gathered information on human nature at the time was inadequateRead MoreEnhancement Of Fracture Toughness Through Atomic Scale Crack Bridging Of Graphene With Stone Thrower Wales Defects1654 Words   |  7 PagesIndia ABSTRACT Keywords: graphene, defect engineering, Stone-Thrower-Wales defect, crack bridging, stress intensity factor, fracture toughness. 1. Introduction Graphene is a hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of honeycomb lattice packed carbon structure that was discovered and successfully isolated from bulk graphite just a few years ago [1]. It is a promising candidate in a number of mechanical, thermal and electrical applications [2-6], owing to its outstanding physical properties [2]Read MoreThe Effect Of Pair Of Stone Wales Defects On The Mechanical Response And Failure Morphology Of Graphene1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe scientific community due to its fascinating mechanical [1-2], thermal [1, 3-4] and electronic [1, 5] properties. All these exceptional properties of graphene are owing to its hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of honeycomb lattice packed carbon structure. Due to its outstanding properties, graphene is emerging as a potential candidate material for wide spectrum of applications in new technological devices such as nano-actuators [6-7], nano-sensors [8], gigahertz oscillators [9], field effectRead MoreMechan ical Response And Failure Behavior Of A Defective Graphene1670 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific community due to its fascinating mechanical [1-2], thermal [1, 3-4] and electronic [1, 5] properties. All these exceptional properties of graphene are owing to its hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of honeycomb lattice packed with carbon atoms. Also these outstanding properties made graphene as one of the candidate materials for wide spectrum of new technological devices such as nano-actuators [6-7], nano-sensors [8], gigahertz oscillators [9], field effect transistors (FET) [10-13]Read MoreGraphene Is A Potential Candidate Material2231 Words   |  9 PagesGraphene is a hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of honeycomb lattice packed carbon structure that was discovered and successfully isolated from bulk graphite just a few years ago [1]. It is continuously receiving attention from the research community due to its outstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical properties [ 2]. Due to its fascinating properties, graphene is emerging as a potential candidate material for enormous nano-technological applications such as memory devices [3], nano-sensorsRead MoreChemical Reactions And Synthesis Of Organic Compounds2395 Words   |  10 Pagescompounds derive from elements within the second row of the periodic table, more specifically carbon due to its periodic position. Carbon has the ability to donate and take four valency electrons, thus it has the tendency to form various bonds in comparison to other elements (UT Dallas, 2014). Organic compounds are produced by covalent and ionic bonding – an important aspect of organic chemistry. In the aid of carbon, these bonds enable the manipulation of its properties, structure, function and interactionsRead MoreThe Structural Health Monitoring Systems1900 Words   |  8 Pagesthermal model updating but rare in structural dynamics. Thermography is a growing evaluation technique and has become a widely used Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) technique for damage detection in metallic structural elements [46], as well as CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer) composites [42]. Especially with the increasing application of composite laminates such as CFRPs and GFRPs, the thermal conductances inside the components becomes anisotropic andRead MoreThe Isotope Of A Isotope Analysis1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe scholarly article that I have chosen that depicts an isotope analysis is based on the stable isotope Carbon, found in nectar beverages. The main method measures the carbon of C3 photosynthetic cycle in commercial apple flavored nectars, which then has the determination of the exact legal limit to identify the beverages that do not conform to safety standards that were previously set by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. The term adulteration is used in

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Primacy of Poetry On Tita Chico’s The Arts of...

On Tita Chico’s The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis In â€Å"The Arts of Beauty: Women’s Cosmetics and Pope’s Ekphrasis,† Tita Chico contends that ekphrastic representations of women in The Rape of the Lock and Epistle to a Lady indicate Pope’s privileging poetic artistry over the art of cosmetics. In both poems, Pope exploits the humiliation of a â€Å"cosmetically constructed woman† in an effort to assert the supremacy of his own artistic authority (Chico 4). Chico uses other scholars#8213;Laura Brown, Christa Knellwolf, and Felicity Naussbaum chief among them#8213;to anchor the origins of her argument, but she immediately addresses their respective limitations. She gently criticizes other scholars for†¦show more content†¦The other women are identified chiefly by the appearance of their portraits, but the ideal woman’s rendering is what Chico terms an â€Å"antiportrait, one that ultimately sheds its pictorial skin and that can exist only in language† (19). The so-called â€Å"softer Man† is described by non-physical words such as â€Å"Pleasure,† â€Å"Rest,† â€Å"Courage,† â€Å"Softness,† â€Å"Modesty,† and â€Å"Pride† (19). Compare this with the ekphrastic objects used to define the Queen’s virtues, such as â€Å"Crown,† â€Å"Gems,† and â€Å"Ball† (19). The Queen’s interior is a mystery because her exterior is enshrouded in trivial things; the Queen is a vacuous presence and, as Chico contends, the â€Å"cosmetic surface, paradoxically, is her truth† (18). This part of Chico’s argument shines. Chico divides her argument into two discrete sections. The first situates cosmetic arts in historical context, and the second discusses ekphrasis in Pope’s work in Rape and To a Lady. Though not wholly relevant to the rhetorical argument on Pope, Chico’s discussion of cosmetic arts is both interesting and edifying. To briefly summarize, Chico presents the art of face painting as an important eighteenth century debate. Some feared the power#8213;however specious#8213;lent to women by cosmetic application; not only did make-up allow women to seem more beautiful, it enabled them to engage in an â€Å"art.† Arguments regarding the value of cosmetics circulated throughout the public sphere in Pope’s age,

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Minute Speech free essay sample

Taking myself for instance, am only asking for something that doesnt even cost a dollar; Freedom is the word Freedom to speak, freedom to act and freedom to think. I remember on my eleventh birthday, my mum asked me where I would like to celebrate it. Instantly, sushi came to my mind. Raw food is bad for you! My second choice was Korean barbecue. That is too fattening! How about pizza mom? So expensive for just a piece of bread! The final conclusion was that we went to the same old Chinese restaurant, which is my mums favorite.So was I really asking for too much to eat something that I wanted on my birthday? The lives of modern society children are not easy at all. Academically, parents want straight A in all subjects. They want all rounded shining stars so that they can show off in front of their friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Minute Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are stuffed with competitions. But cant parents understand that not everyone wants to follow the mainstream? Some of us just want an easy and lullaby life. We dont want to live under constant stress and worries.We ant to wake fresh and have a decent social life. Have you ever been told what you should aim for in your life? Most parents want a doctor or a lawyer or even a Nobel Prize Winner in the family. They want us to pursue their unfulfilled dreams. But we, children, want to follow our hearts to pursue our own dreams, not theirs. After all, we are individuals, and not puppets. We children just want to grow up quickly, mature quickly, and to act independently. As long as we are behaving sensibly, parents should let go and let us be what we want to be.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Introduction and Literature Review - Click to Get Solution

Question: What are the governance strategies that can be implanted in the Indian Super League to replicate the results and success of the European Governance in Football? Answer: 1.0. Introduction India is also known as Asian Tiger and has the population of 1.252 billion making it the second largest populated country in the world. It is among one of the significant nation is South Asia. India has a very diverse culture as it has full spectrum of people. The diversity ranges in terms of religions, races, culture and language (Anagnostopoulos and Senaux, 2011). However, the diversity is not very well reflected in the sports that people are engaged in India. Cricket is highly popular among Indians. Football is not that popular as compared to Cricket, however it is very well known in some states of India. Hockey is another sport which is being played there and several others are there such as Snooker and Chess. But these sports dont hold much significance in India. However there have been increased efforts from governments and other sports corporations to make Football equally popular as Cricket in India. These initiatives have been under taken, to provide a global platform to the budding Indian players of Football. Football was introduced by Britishers in India during their rule. However they did not allowed Indians to play the game and assigned them the role of fetching the ball back to the player during the game. Calcutta Football Club was established in 1872 (Anagnostopoulos and Senaux, 2011). After this, a lot club came up such as Dalhousie Club, Traders Club and Naval Volunteers Club. The Indian Football Association was established in Calcutta in 1893; however they did not allowed any Indians on the board until 1930s. This led to only two Indian teams to feature in the league. In 1950, India was invited by FIFA in Brazil to participate in the World Cup, but India had to withdraw its name as the players were required to wear shoes and they have always played barefoot (Ausloos, 2014). They won at the National level later in 1862 by winning two times at the Asian Games. However, Football never caught up like Cricket in India, barring Calcutta, Kerala and Goa. Football was earlier played in England and the modern rules of the game were formulated in the 19th century. In Europe, Football became popular during The Middle Ages. The professional Football League was established in England (Dentchev, van Balen and Haezendonck, 2014). The European football League is affiliated to European Federation of American Football. The game is held annually where the best American teams participate in the competition. The English Premier League has gained popularity in India from the last three four years. This has led to an increase in the overall viewership of Football in the country. EPL fascinated about 155 million Indian viewers in 2013. The first five matches of FIFA World Cup received a viewership of 1300 TVT (Television Viewership in thousands) which is indicative that the viewership of Football is also high in India). 1.1. Background of the Study The Indian economy is booming which is why it attracting the attention of big corporations of the international sports market. The boom has led to the increase in disposable income of middle class. Also the increasing awareness about sports other than Cricket has been another reason why they want to invest in India. And after the success of IPL model, IMG-Reliance took a plunge to grab this opportunity and proposed the idea of a global league to the All India Football Federation. This is how the Indian Super League was formed. Indian Super League was established in 2013, in order to make Football a significant sport in India and to enable India to participate around the word as a football player too. This is a top level professional league in India after I-League (Foley and Smith, 2013) .It features eight teams from all over India. It followed the same model used for Indian Premium League for Cricket. The Indian Super League have incorporated its motto its mission and vision statements. They have aligned their objectives as their vision, which is to improve the governance and administration of Football in India. To promote the league, the organizers highlighted the fact the teams were owned by a variety of eminent people in different fields. Some teams were owned by Indian sports players while others were owned by Bollywood actors and other international people (Harrison and Bukstein, 2013). This can be immensely beneficial for Indian players in the long run. The International coaches were introduced to provide a global level training to the players. The involvement of international managers have brought with them the superior technical expertise and management styles that can push the learning curve upward for the local officials. The inclusion of Iconic players like Thierry Henry and Louis Saha etc have helped INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE to create a huge amount of publicity for themselv es and was able to draw a large amount of crowd to the matches. All their efforts were successful as the opening game of INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE at Salt Lake Stadium attracted near about 65,000 supporters of Atletico De Kolkata. The viewership on television for the game was up to 74.7 million views. The rating of the League in the first week was 170.6 million which was very close to the rating of Indian Premier League, which was rated at 184 million (Hay, 2013). It has been suggested that there has been a steep rise among Indian viewers of Football. The attendance of crowd in the ground for INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE matches falls short by 24,357 audiences than Bundesliga. This makes INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE the second biggest league in terms of audience for matches, then comes the Indian Premier League and then La Liga in terms of viewership. However, the average attendance of leagues in France, Italy, Brazil, Argentina and China are lower than the above numbers. According to Kushal Das, the general secretary of All India Football Federation, INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE has made significant contribution in developing the infrastructure for football in India (Hooghe and Kerhoffs, 2013). This was quite apparent by the large crowd that filled the stadium during matches. The infrastructural development is visible in the emergence of quality footballers like Romeo Fernandez, Sandesh Jhingan and many others who are making a mark. This have benefitted the Indian football This research will find out the problems faced by the management of Indian Super League. Then the report will further discuss what are the governance practices that are followed by the European League and how its help them to achieve better results. This report will then discuss in detail that how INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE can implement those strategies to improve the efficiency of the management. 1.2. Problem Although, INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE was successful in its efforts and it was very well accepted by the audiences, the management made it murky by not disclosing how the bidders got the respective franchises of the teams. These raised doubts among many viewers and other I-Leagues clubs and they barred the discharge of their troupe for the IMG-Reliance league without receiving any significant financial return (Jere and Mathidza, 2014). And there are many more problems that cropped up. All of these problems necessitated the need of adopting good governance practices to replicate the results and success of European Governance in Football. This would help them to be sustainable in the long run. They have already taken the first step by signing a partnership deal with the English Premier League to improve their administration and Governance in 2014. 1.3. Research Question The research questions for the purpose of this dissertation are listed below: i) To identify the governance strategy used by the European Football League? ii) To determine the need for adopting the governance practices of European Football League by the Indian Super League? iii) How Indian Super League can implement those practices and what they have done till now? The above research questions have been formulated keeping in mind the initial objective of the project, i.e. to identify what are the governments strategies that can be implemented by Indian Super League to replicate the results and success of the European Governance in Football (Kasale, Burnett and Hollander, 2004). The primary objective has been broken down into three specific questions. This will help in providing a better insight about the problem statement. 1.4. Objective of the Study There are five major objective of this study. They are discussed below: The prime objective of this dissertation is to determine the administration and government practices adopted by the European Football League. And then devise a suitable model that can be implemented by the Indian Super League. The next chief objective of this report is to examine the significance of governance in sports. Then the other important objective of the project is to discuss in detail about the governance practices of major leagues that operates in Europe, like the English Premier League. This research also seeks to discuss the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility in governance. 1.5. Significance of the Study This report will serve as the extension of previous research on Governance of Football across Europe and Asia. Thus the fact makes this study extremely important. This research will contribute towards gaining in-depth knowledge about the environment of the Football market in India (Kennedy and Kennedy, 2014). This will also help in determining the governance style that will be appropriate for implementation in Indian Super League. This dissertation is also important as it will help to identify the benefits that Indian Super League can derive by adopting best governance practices. This will help Indian Super League to be able to maintain the long term sustainability of the league at the global platform, if they follow various governance tools which are mentioned in this study. Moreover, this research will also help in understanding the importance of adopting effective governance practices in sports. This project will make significant contribution towards constructing a good governance system for Indian Super League, so that they become more professional in their approach and be able to attract the required attention from eminent people from the world of global sports. Furthermore, this research will help to enhance the transparency in the management, governance system and structure of Indian Super League. 2.0. Literature Review Originally, sports were a self-governing activity. The global organizations for sports regulated their sports autonomously through self regulating networks that followed their own set of policy and regulations. These laws meant that the sports events at this huge level could escape the labor of fiscal law (Kolyperas, Morrow and Sparks, 2015). And they were largely dependent on public services. For example, to ensure the secure atmosphere for sports events, the government has to appoint police officials. From past few years, these events have been commercialized by these organizations at a large scale. They have started using actors for a greater impact and have turned these sports events into an economic activity. This new development has caught the attention of the local and the central government and made the autonomous status of these organizations questionable. Political entities are facing great complexity to get a hold on such sports organizations from a view of ruling them as these organizations are resisting this interference. But since these organizations have started churning money out of these events, there have been many incidents of corruption and bribery which reflects the inefficiency of the governance system of these organizations. In Europe, FIFA and UEFA have started adopting a protectionist approach for the governance of sports, after the Bosman case (Kristenson et al., 2015). They even claimed that the European Institution should allow them to take independent decisions. European Union could not intervene much in the Football sector because the autonomous status enjoyed by sports governing body. Ever since the end of World War II, Football in Europe has gone through three remarkable phases of regulations. From 1950-1970, the Football competition between different clubs in Europe was organized autonomously by state playing market which was synchronized internationally with UEFA (Lienhard and Preuss, 2014). After 1970, the era was marked by the monetization of these events by these governing organizations and playing standards declined. In the 1980s, the football underwent into aggressive monetization. There was an increased trend of generating revenue by through television viewership. In the 1990s, most of the English clubs issued their shares in the stock market to increase their capital, primarily to reconstruct their stadiums. The club who was able to successfully implement this strategy was Manchester United. By 2000s, the European Football clubs tried to adopt similar strategies of going public. There has been a radical revolution in the commercialization of sports. Sports events like Football started generating considerable revenue by attracting a millions of audiences and spectators(Mohammed Alkhaldi and Ahmed Alawamlah, 2013) . There has been a dramatic rise in the sponsoring and merchandising of such events. Increased use of media and with the surge of social media the reach of these games increased. There are many reasons which fueled the interests in the participation in these sports events in Europe. Few of these factors are adjustments in the lifestyles and influential sporting contest. All this have led to increased attention from general public to p articipate in such events. This evolution has led to the involvement of the government in these matters to judge whether the sports governing bodies are appropriate for public funding or not (Pawlowski and Nalbantis, 2015). Sorenser and Torfing have introduced a model called Democratic anchorage Model which can be applied to any governance network to gauge the democratic legitimacy of that particular governance system . This model discusses that how the democratic disposition of the specific governance reaches to the point of democratic anchorage of the system. This means that how the system relates between the democratic measures and the commonly acknowledged ideology of the democratic procedures (Peeters and Szymanski, 2014). This model assesses the four key dimensions that re-ignite the classical themes in the modern theory of democracy that assures a pioneering holistic approach which stand out in the scholarly literature on the topic. Rowleys model of centrality and density has been used in a research on football governance which was conducted by Holt. This model limits its focus on the intra-network associations and its functioning. Therefore, this model fails to particularly assess the democratic legitimacy of the network as a whole. The refined version of the Democratic Anchorage Model offers the operational definition of the four dimensions of the model (Picazo-Tadeo and Gonzlez-Gmez, 2009). This refined version also demonstrates that the assessment criteria are useful for the application of such dimensions on the experimental case study of a governance system that was used in the decisions to build a bridge between Denmark and Germany. This is considered a green signal that the Democratic Anchorage Model can be applied for the governance of the European football. The four dimensions described that the governance systems are anchored to the degree that they are controlled by the politicians who are democratically selected, who are responsible for faci litating the communication as per the widely accepted democratic grammar of conduct, who are responsible for a territorially definite electorate and which represents the association basis of the participating organization and groups (Pope and Pope, 2014). The model further assumes that none of the anchorage mentioned above can ensure the independent performance of the governance system alone. The model states that these dimensions are inter dependent and balances the loopholes of each other. These dimensions are believed to provide a solid foundation of democratic legitimacy when they are combined together. 2.1. CSR and Governance in Football CSR is an emerging concept in business which has been now applied to sports too. CSR focuses on the sustainability of the business and this has been an area of public interest in the recent past. Recently, the focus on CSR activities in sports have also started gaining importance as the role of sports is becoming highly prominent in the society due to increased influence of the global sports organizations. And the various high profile breaches in the football sector have led to the heightened demand of accountability and transparency in the governance system of the sports organization (Soroka, 2014). Therefore, there is a pressure on these organizations to implement CSR activities in their governance system and they have involved themselves into many educational and youth health programs. The CSR initiatives were adopted very slowly by the European Union. At the Lisbon Summit of the European Council which was held in 2000, where prime importance was given to social inclusion and acting responsibly towards the society and sustainable expansion in order to promote financial growth and enhanced consistency (Sez Castillo, Rodrguez Avi and Prez Snchez, 2013). It was then, when CSR was officially adopted by the European Union. The European football clubs implements CSR towards three key stakeholders, i.e. community, employees and the environment. There are many researches, that have analyzed the importance of CSR in sports due to increased awareness and integration of CSR into football business foster the competitiveness in the games and creates additional value for its stakeholders (Tyner-Mullings, 2014). There are various models that has been suggested which can be applied by football organizations so that they are able to create political, humanitarian and appropriate value. The strategic management becomes important for football clubs. It has been recommended by many scholars to integrate CSR activities into the management so as to create healthy relationships with the community at large by the football clubs (van der Meer, 2014). FIFA has created a CSR unit to meet these demands by the society. However, the moral integrity of the association and various CSR activities such as Global Programme remains doubtful. Indian Super League needs to implement CSR strategies among its various franchises to have a better impact and benefit for its key stakeholders (Wood, 2013). This will help them to increase the involvement of the public at large which will lead to enhanced popularity and generate more revenue for them. References Anagnostopoulos, C. and Senaux, B. (2011). Transforming top-tier football in Greece: the case of the Super League.Soccer Society, 12(6), pp.722-736. Anagnostopoulos, C. and Senaux, B. (2011). Transforming top-tier football in Greece: the case of the Super League.Soccer Society, 12(6), pp.722-736. Ausloos, M. (2014). Intrinsic classes in the Union of European Football Associations soccer team ranking.Open Physics, 12(11). Dentchev, N., van Balen, M. and Haezendonck, E. (2014). On voluntarism and the role of governments in CSR: towards a contingency approach.Business Ethics: A European Review, p.n/a-n/a. Foley, M. and Smith, F. (2013). The Rise (and Fall) of the Arena Football League.Atlantic Economic Journal, 41(4), pp.439-450. Harrison, C. and Bukstein, S. (2013). Occupational Mobility Patterns: A Case Study of Leadership and Access in the National Football League.Sociology Mind, 03(04), pp.264-267. Hay, A. (2013). Football is big business, but is health care in the same league?.Nursing Standard, 27(34), pp.31-31. Hooghe, P. and Kerhoffs, G. (n.d.).The ankle in football. Jere, M. and Mathidza, S. (2014). Investigating Motivational Factors that Influence Football Match Attendance in the South African Premier Soccer League Post the 2010 FIFA World Cup.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Kasale, L., Burnett, C. and Hollander, W. (2004). Analysis of corporate sponsorship among super league football teams in Botswana.Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. Dance, 9(3). Kennedy, P. and Kennedy, D. (2014).Fan culture in European football and the influence of left wing ideology. London: Routledge. Kolyperas, D., Morrow, S. and Sparks, L. (2015). Developing CSR in professional football clubs: drivers and phases.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 15(2), pp.177-195. Kristenson, K., Bjrneboe, J., Waldn, M., Ekstrand, J., Andersen, T. and Hgglund, M. (2015). No association between surface shifts and time-loss overuse injury risk in male professional football.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. Lienhard, P. and Preuss, H. (n.d.).Legacy, sustainability and CSR at mega sport events. Mohammed Alkhaldi, H. and Ahmed Alawamlah, A. (2013). Levels of cognitive achievement in football law among football players in Jordanian professional football league.Int. J. Res. Edu. Psy., 1(1), pp.35-52. Pawlowski, T. and Nalbantis, G. (2015). Competition format, championship uncertainty and stadium attendance in European football a small league perspective.Applied Economics, 47(38), pp.4128-4139. Peeters, T. and Szymanski, S. (2014). Financial fair play in European football.Econ Policy, 29(78), pp.343-390. Picazo-Tadeo, A. and Gonzlez-Gmez, F. (2009). Does playing several competitions influence a teams league performance? Evidence from Spanish professional football.Central European Journal of Operations Research, 18(3), pp.413-432. Pope, B. and Pope, N. (2014). OWN-NATIONALITY BIAS: EVIDENCE FROM UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE FOOTBALL REFEREES.Econ Inq, 53(2), pp.1292-1304. Sez Castillo, A., Rodrguez Avi, J. and Prez Snchez, J. (2013). Expected number of goals depending on intrinsic and extrinsic factors of a football player. An application to professional Spanish football league.European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), pp.127-138. Soroka, A. (2014). Trends in the gameplay of European football players.Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 6(4). Tyner-Mullings, A. (2014). Book Review: Christos Kassimeris, Football Comes Home: Symbolic Identities in European Football.International Sociology, 29(5), pp.478-479. van der Meer, H. (2014).European Fields: The Landscape of Lower League Football. Gottingen, Niedersachs: Steidl Gottingen. Wood, S. (2013). Football after Yugoslavia: conflict, reconciliation and the regional football league debate.Sport in Society, 16(8), pp.1077-1090.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Infant Toddler Curriculum free essay sample

Developmental domains are one way to describe and think about the different aspects of development in the areas of: motional; physical, social, cognitive; and language skills of young children. And while we use the domains as a way to organize our thinking and observations of children, in reality all domains are function together simultaneously, especially in the first three years of life. This holistic development is separated into the developmental domains for the purpose of observation, study, developmental assessment, and planning (Blackboard, 2013). Therefore, it is important to understand how the developmental domains relate to the three themes of infant development; in order to provide DAP care and activities for children in each stage of arly childhood development. For instance, an understanding of the young infant stage, babies develop a sense of security from their caregivers. It is this sense of security, that allows the baby to build an urge to explore, later motivating t hem to take risks and advance their current knowledge of their environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Infant Toddler Curriculum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may require removing all sharp objects from the area and covering electrical outlets and ensuring. However, prepping the room for child safety is not the only concern. It is imperative to play close attention, and respond to the needs of young infants. Nery oung children need adults who listen, smile, and talk with them or babble when they babble; watch for when they need quiet and solitude; and notice and communicate pleasure over such newfound skills as creeping, climbing, holding, dropping, or adding new sounds and words (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 61). An understanding of the mobile stage of development will make one aware of the safety precautions needed to allow mobile toddlers to explore the environment. Mobile infants often explore by mouthing and must be protected from small parts and fragile toys. In addition a rich learning environment for mobile nfants should include safe structures to climb and explore. Moving around is essential to learning; it gives babies different perspective and vantage points, which they need in order to move from an entirely egocentric view of space toward a more sophisticated sense ot relationship between selt, space, and other people (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 53). An understanding of the toddler stage of development enables caring adults to guide and assist young childrens emotional development. The first two years of a persons life can set the foundation for the way hey create relationships, view others, and understand emotions and how to control them. A toddlers sense of self, of I and me, emerge in a group environment and a culture which private property and the acquisition of things are somewhat scared. This makes the learnin g of related concepts like mine particularly challenging (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 9). Toddlers learn about who they are in the world through relationships and experiences with adults who care for them. They learn to trust that their needs will be met, or that they will not. The motional domain includes the infants perception of herself and of herself in relation to others. (Blackboard, 2013). The most important thing a caregiver can do to help a toddlers emotional development is to create a safe and loving environment for the toddler to learn in. Caregivers should understand that each toddler is different and has different needs. Attending to each individual child in a well-organized and inviting learning environment is essential during his stage early childhood development. Infant Toddler Curriculum Because of the specific needs of infants and toddlers the term curriculum is during he early stages of development is complex. To summarize all of the ideas of curriculum, as defined by leaders in the field (Gonzalez-Mena, Eyer, Dodge, Greenman, Stonehouse, Schwikert, Swim, and Watson), you must think about curriculum as an organized framework. To make curriculum DAP for infant and toddlers, it must be based on sound and relevant knowledge such as infant/ toddler development and research; so that it guides early care professional practices in providing purposeful and responsive learning opportunities for each child through daily routines and experiences (Blackboard, 2013) Infant and toddler curriculum plans focus on how to best create a social, emotional, and intellectual climate that supports child-initiated and child-pursued learning. The interests of the child and the belief that each child has a curriculum are what drive practice (Blackboard, 2013). It is understood that very young children need to play a significant role in selecting their learning experiences, materials, and content. Curriculum plans, therefore, do not focus on games, tasks, or activities, but on how to best create a social, emotional, and intellectual climate that supports child-initiated and child- ursued learning and the building and sustaining of positive relationships among adults and children. Responsive curriculum planning focuses on finding strategies to help infant-toddler teachers search for, support, and keep alive childrens internal motivation to learn, and their spontaneous explorations of people and things of interest and importance to them (Blackboard, 2013). This should begin with study of the specific children in care. Detailed records of each childs interests and skills are kept to give guidance to the adults for the roles t hey will take in each childs learning Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 30). It should also be realized from the start that plans should not be static. Adaptation and change are critical parts of the learning process and should be anticipated. Once an interaction with a child or small cluster of children begins, the teacher has to be ready to adapt his or ner plans and actions so they work tor all children, no matter what kind ot physical , mental or emotional challenges individual bring to the program (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 30). Another essential component of planning s attention to a responsive learning environment and specific attention to how environments should be changed. The planning of learning environments is more important to infant-toddler development than specific lessons or specific activities. The environment must be seen as part of the curriculum, creating interest and encouraging and supporting exploration (Blackboard, 2013). Research has shown that much of how infants and toddlers learn best comes not from specific adult- directed lessons but from teachers knowing how to maximize opportunities for each child to use natural learning inclinations. The philosophy of routine care as learning opportunities for infants and toddlers is based on the premise that, Relationships develop through all kinds of interactions, but especially during ones that happen while adults are carrying out those essential activities of daily living sometimes called caregiving routines (Greenman, Stonehouse, and Schweikert, 2008, pg. 5), such as: feeding, diapering; toilet training/learning; washing; bathing and grooming; dressing; napping. For caregiving routines to become curriculum, they cant be done mechanically.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Hyundai Strategic Analysis and its Business in South Africa The WritePass Journal

Hyundai Strategic Analysis and its Business in South Africa Introduction Hyundai Strategic Analysis and its Business in South Africa Introduction What is the Hyundai Motor Company (HMC)South Africa and consumer (Target Market)I20 Hyundai car (market offering)Primary data and Secondary dataWhat is the benefit of primary data?The conclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction In recent times, it is sure that the importance of marketing research has increased due to serious competition between companies. That is why there are a plenty of method for information research in order to understand the mind of consumer which can be useful to make the plans and strategy for producing of marketing offering needed by consumer. In addition, through the researching of marketing, the company can build up the priority way to be connected in terms of closes between company and consumer. Therefore, most of companies in the world have tried to concentrate on the marketing area by investing a lot of money to investigate for gaining specific information which affects to increase a profit. In this essay, Firstly, the organisation selected is the company of Hyundai Motor. Secondly, target market is South Africa. (sourse:www.autoblog.com/media/2006/06/hyundai.jpg) What is the Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is one of the most competitive companies in Korea. From 1960s to the early 1980s, Korean government supported automobile industry through special policies and laws like Automobile Industry Protection Law and A Long term Plan to Promote the Automobile industry in order to boost the economy after the Korean War(1950-1953). While developing continuously with this support, HMC started to export their technique and products to other countries. Their first export was carried out in 1980s in Quebec, Canada. However, their first attempt was unsuccessful closing their plant rather early and struggled to succeed again in India in 1998. Now, HMC is a global company which could survive among other companies in competitive relation: KIA and DAEWOO during economic recession and has continued to develop from both inside and outside of Korea. (A review by Russell et al. 2006) South Africa and consumer (Target Market) According to the table it can be seen below, it show that the growth of rating of economy in South Africa has developed rapidly. It means that for motor company the South African can be consumer marketing area to get a profit.   (Source:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa) In addition, South Africa has launched a programme called Black Economy Empowerment, since 1994. This programme is aimed at promote the Black People who have more disadvantages relatively under the circumstance of apartheid economically. Despite some criticism on this programme, it plays a crucial role in developing South Africas economy. To be concrete, it encourages companies being run by black owners, especially the Petroleum and Liquid Fuels (PLF) and Mining industry to achieve economic growth within some years. (A reviewed by Stefano Ponte et al 2007) With this series of economic strategy, South Africa has founded more growing economic system and increasing the black peoples right gradually. From this information, it can be known that the quality of life style of Black People in South Africa among Africa is developing due to policy of government which support Black People. As a result, the people supported by BEE policy might have became middle class who get a confidence economically and the ability to buy products. Briefly, it can be said that this group can be great market if the HMC is aimed at there. I20 Hyundai car (market offering) In mind of consumer, it is sure that the extent of safety of product is main issue. I20 is the motor produced which is one of the most safeties cars in Hyundai motor company. I20 contains of both the condition of safety and modern design including superb interior made from material which feel people comfortable. I20 is the prestigious European National Car Assessment Programme 5 star which proves the quality of safety. In addition, it is cheaper than other motor companies. (I20 may be required hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html , no date) It will be able to have a competitiveness of product to survive in business market if it is sold in South Africa. However, the Hyundai motor company need to have other market strategy for getting more powerful endurance. One example is that they put specific brand image and soul into I20 by using advertisement and giving people t-shirt drawn the picture and logo of I20 to connect with consumer. In conclusion, it should reach on the target group who became middle class in South Africa who has economical ability because of BEE policy established in time of Nelson Mandela. In addition, it should be focus on group which has educated under parent affected by BEE. They get a sense of selecting the car designed as modern and up to date and elegant. (Source: Http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRF/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131453) Primary data and Secondary data Generally, there are three types of information the company can obtain: Internal data, Marketing intelligence, and Marketing research. (The view proposed by Philip Kotler 2010 P.126-131).Three kind of information can be divided into two methods: Primary data, and Secondary data. Basically, the primary data is related to marketing research. Secondary data also is connected to marketing intelligence and internal data. When it comes to the principle of marketing, the mean of primary can be classified as ‘it consists of information gathered for the special research plan’. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) The secondary data can be defined as ‘it consists of information that already exists somewhere having been collected for another purpose’. Philip Kotler 2010 P.131) Secondary data can be consists of two sorts of source: internal source and external sources. Examples of internal source are company reports, previous company research, salesperson feedback and customer feedback. The examples of external source are the published research, trade organisation, syndicated research and government source. Primary data collection is divided into four types of collection: research approaches, contact methods and sampling plan and research instrument. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133-142) Firstly, the research approaches consists of four types of researches: observational research, ethnographic research, survey research and experimental research. The observational research can be the technique to collect the primary data by observing the people in term of action and circumstance. The ethnographic research is to use the professional discover for understanding of natural the environment of consumer. The survey of research is generally the most useful skills for knowing of knowledge and attitude and preference. The experimental research is of collection general information. When it comes to contact method in a marketing research, generally, it is linked to the way of online to pick up the thought of consumer. The benefits of contact method by online are that it is cheap and speed. The representati ve examples of contact Methods are Mail and Telephone and personal interviewing. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.135) According to principle of marketing, the definition of sample can be determined as ‘a segment of the population selected for marketing research to represent the population as a whole.’ (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139) In order to use this tactics, first of all, the company should consider who people to be selected for survey are. In addition it should be took into account how many people will be research as well as how the people can be chosen. Furthermore, the research instrument is questionnaires that it is general way by using phone and online. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.139-142) What is the benefit of primary data? Basically, there are advantages and disadvantages both primary data and secondary data. Compared with primary data, there are a number of secondary data so that it can be of use for the company faced with problem, indicating a way for overcoming of problem with developing of the understanding of problem. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) However, there are some problems in a secondary data up to whether its information is relevant with problem of company or not. Therefore it is necessary for the company to consider the extent of relevant, accurate, up to date and impartial with the problem faced with company. (Philip Kotler 2010 P.133) On the other hand, the main benefit of primary data is to get the information for target group in the time of makeing new products, which affect the company get competitiveness for winning against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) In addition, this method will become the protection of wall for loss of profit by preparing the situation carried out. From the primary data, the company can obtain fulfilling conditions of information in term of accurate, up to date, relevant.   (Source:http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm) The conclusion For company both secondary data and primary data should be need. Even though the cost of making of primary data is expensive but help the company to succeed against competitive company. (Illustrations of the Secondary VS Primary Market research can be found online. allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html) For improving of marketing research skill, firstly, the company has to define what the problem is and the target marketing is. In addition, should   be created new idea what the market place is and the target consumer is as well as considering of which product the consumer want to buy. If company build up the creative strategy for specific target market with consumer, it will be able to succeed. Bibliography RUSSELL D. LANSBURY*, SEUNG-HO KWON** CHUNGSOK SUH (2006) ‘Globalization and Employment Relations in the Korean Auto Industry: The Case of the Hyundai Motor Company in Korea, Canada and India’ Vol. 12, No. 2, 131–147, EBSCO (Online), available at (assessed: April 2006) Stefano Ponte, Simon Roberts and Lance van Sittert (2007) ‘Black Economic Empowerment’, Business and the State in South Vol. 38, Issue 5, p933-955. 23p. EBSCO (Online), (assessed: ep2007) Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong 2010 Principle of Marketing, Thirteenth Edition, p 126-142.PEARSON allbusiness.com/marketing/market-research/1310-1.html (no date and Author) hyundai.com/in/en/Showroom/Flash/SRFOVERVIEW/DF_IN_SR_BJ_080313131438.html (No date and Author) http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~renglish/370/notes/chapt08/index.htm Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa [/level-freee-rstricted]

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Online vs Traditional Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online vs Traditional Education - Essay Example This paper draws a comparison and contrast between online education and traditional education. Online education and traditional education are similar in the syllabus and course structure but differ in the styles and patterns of communication between the students and instructors, flexibility in terms of schedule, extent of learning and development of skills, and the overall cost both for the school and the students. Communication on online education is very different from the way it is in traditional education. In online education, conversation is made through the exchange of messages. Messages are exchanged via keyboard, so typing errors are common to occur. Although online communication is a fairly effective means of communication, yet it is subjected to a lot of challenges. For example, the communicating parties may be interrupted in the middle of communication if the internet connection breaks. There is a lot of uncertainty in online communication. One never knows when the compute r starts malfunctioning or is attacked by a virus. However, when the computer is functioning properly and everything is set, communication is not only instant and effective, but is also time saving and cost effective. Nevertheless, a research conducted by SRI International found that â€Å"[o]n average, students in online learning conditions performed better than those receiving face-to-face instruction† (Bits, 2009). On the contrary, traditional education provides an individual with frequent opportunities of socializing with peers. Students get to meet one another on daily basis. They make gossip, share views and discuss ideas both pertinent to the school education and other social and political matters. Such group discussions are very informative. Students get to learn about new opportunities. â€Å"Traditional college students are between the ages of 18-21 and benefit from the social atmosphere that a normal college campus provides† (Carron, 2006). The face to face interaction with peers and teachers has also many psychosocial benefits for the students. It inculcates confidence in the students and enhances their emotional intelligence so that they are more prepared to play their constructive role in the society in general and in the workplace in particular. Online education provides an individual with much more flexibility than the traditional education. Students that take online courses are provided with the facility to work along with carrying on their studies. Many students with great potential are not able to continue their studies just because they are not able to afford the fee and other expenses associated with education. Online education brings students back to the world of academia by providing them with flexible schedules. The students can adjust their studies according to their work schedule rather than having to adjust their work schedule according to their studies. Thus, an individual having online education is more empowered as c ompared to the students of traditional education. The freedom online education offers enables the students to optimize on their time management skills. â€Å"[S]elf-paced, independent learners are usually more disciplined in terms of preparation and time management† (Sanders, 2011). On the other hand, schedules in the traditional

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management Information Systems - Essay Example The essay "Management Information Systems" talks about the development of a new system for the ABC Company. This company is computer hardware manufacturer that carry out product for larger scale orders. The overall management and handling of such huge orders are difficult through the manual order processing approach.This information system will be used as an information management system of the overall organizational data. This system will conduct an online transaction and store the dealing and transaction data on the company’s central database. After that this data will be used to access the overall sales analysis. We will derive monthly or periodic report for the analysis of the overall business position. This system will facilitate in managing the overall products sales and deals regarding the corporate online transactions. Here we will be able to access and retrieve the overall quality of the stock and its current level because in any online transaction the stock status is really necessary for the handling of dealing. This product and stock information will provide a great facility for stock management. Here we will assign a product code to each project and through that code, we will easily retrieve the product information for the better management of the stack. This system will be an online system. We will create an organizational management module. This module will facilitate only to organizational executives to view, manage and handle online products, stock, sales and other organizational information.

Monday, November 18, 2019

An analysis on how corporations are affected by change and enforcement Dissertation

An analysis on how corporations are affected by change and enforcement of tax regulations - Dissertation Example 19 2.9 Tax Jurisdiction that Exempt Foreign –Source Income 21 2.10 Jurisdiction that Offer Tax Incentives to Qualified Holding Companies 21 2.11 Thin Capitalisation Rules 22 2.12 Do Taxes Impact Corporate Mergers? 23 2.13 Inverse Conversion by US Companies? 24 2.14 Corporate Tax Reforms in USA 25 2.15 Tax Planning – How G.E USA not Paid a Single Dollar In 2010 As Income-Tax? 27 2.16 Whether High Tax Rates compel the UK Companies to Relocate? 29 2.17 Why British Shipping Companies prefer Malta Registration? 30 2.18 Tax advantages for UK companies by Outsourcing to India 31 3 Findings 33 4 Recommendations 35 4 Conclusion 36 5 List of References 38 Tables: Table 1 Ease of Payment of Taxes 13 Table 2 Prevailing Corporate Taxes around the World 14 Graphs Graph 1 Perception of the Importance of the Climate Governments Create for Business Through Tax Policies or Financial Incentives 15 INTRODUCTION In modern era, the government of a nation assumes a significant role in develop ing the commercial, financial, general policies of the business concerns in the country and taxation policy is one of such mighty mechanisms of intervention. The privilege to tax domestic companies and to tax the every citizen of a nation is intrinsic in the sovereign command of every nation and its government. The taxation of business enterprises has become a chief avenue of revenue for the government due to constantly increasing burden of fiscal deficit in their budgets. The functions and duties of every government will include a provision of public health, public education, and the development of infrastructure facilities, provisions of multi services like old age pension, unemployment insurance and to cover these costs. Government is under obligation to tax both unincorporated and incorporated business sector. The reasons for confidence ushered on corporate sector for special tax treatment are mainly due to administrative convenience and political feasibility. Like individuals, business corporations do not exercise voting power in elections. Hence, government is more depending upon the corporate sector to raise additional revenues to a larger magnitude nowadays. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). To raise income, government levy charges or taxes on various activities, incomes, earnings of companies, individuals, etc. and this process is known as taxation. Taxation is of two type’s viz. direct taxation and indirect taxation. For instance, excise duties are known as indirect tax which is imposed on the manufacturing, production and import of merchandises like tobacco, alcohol, oil and gas and minerals. Illustrations of direct taxes are income-tax and property tax. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). The effect of taxation policies in business decision is more critical and viable as at a time when corporate taxation is contributing chiefly to the national exchequer. Day by day, the role of taxation policies in business decision is increasing, which increases its encumb rances. Higher corporate taxes may axe the corporate development and hamper the expansion of manufacturing capacity, hence, it becomes crucial to this research into the chief effects of corporate taxation policies on the business enterprises. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). The sudden spurt in corporate tax revenues in low-tax OECD nations may be due to the large scale of inflow of investment

Friday, November 15, 2019

Islamic Ethics An Analysis

Islamic Ethics An Analysis This term paper was titled Ethics from Islamic Perspective which is including a morale and akhlaq. This paper was conducted because to give awareness about the important of ethics in Islamic perspective. Suitable with the papers aims whereas to give some of information and knowledge from an Islamic perspective about the ethics which is in moral and akhlaq aspect. The paper is sufficient to give the reader a feel for its potential to encourage further research in the area of resolving ethical issues, specifically for those who are calling for universal ethical theories to avoid moral imperialism. The Islamic perspective of the ethics concept should be refers based on the Holy Quran from the God and Ahadith of Prophet Muhammad. The ethics concept it must be generally and not too bias for others. The findings of this paper, it can be as a discussion, it is because the Islamic Work Ethics has economic as well as moral and akhlaq dimensions. Keyword: Islamic perspective, ethics, Islamic Work Ethics, moral and akhlaq INTRODUCTION This paper was discuss about the ethics concept from the Islamic perspective, so it should be construct an axiom system that faithfully reflects the Islamic view of ethics. The axiom system here is means by a proposition that either not proved or demonstrated but considered undeniable, or subject to a decision, so, the truth is assumed and became the starting point for concluded to the truth to another.This is an essential first step in determining the rules of economic behaviour in an Islamic society. The Islamic view of life processes is uniquenot only for its predominant emphasis on ethical norms, but also because of its being complete. However, to turn it into an operational tool of scientific analysis, an ethical philosophy must be reduced to a set of axioms, which is respect to Islamically valid rules of social and economic behaviour. 1.1 The Concept of Ethics, Moral and Akhlaq The concept of ethics, moral and akhlaq it can be in various point of view from many resources of our readings. Ethical behavior is an order based on a value system of a particular society. More ethics associated with science or philosophy, because it is the standard of good and bad it is human intellect. When compared with the morals, the ethics more theoretical while the moral is the practical. Moral more local or special nature and the ethical is more to general. There is many term that use by philosophers in order to give a meaning of akhlaq. But, we can conclude it, akhlaq is much related with the moral and ethics so much so have a opinion that stated akhlak is mean by moral and ethics. Put simply on that, Akhlaq is refers to the nature habits that owned on each individuals. It is includes behavior or nature owned by natural as feeling irritable, quick to laugh, irritability and so on. Also includes in this definition, a person belonging habits through training, education, discipline and fitness to be a flesh and blood character and good familiarity to someone. In addition, akhlaq is more refers to our natural habits. A while ago, in the western tradition, morals studies has long been exists and spread out before the birth of Islam and it known as ethics or moral knowledge. In aspect of etymology, the term of ethics and moral have a same meaning and also refers to the same field of study. In briefly, moral is derived from the Latin word, meanwhile the word ethics is derived from the Greek word. The both of term are related with the practical activities relating to behavior, customs, lifestyles, ways of thinking, freedom and the tendency of a person in engaging in an activity. On the other hand, the term of akhlaq was presented by the Muslim that based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah. On Islamic perspective, the ethics and moral was different from the point of conception, objectives and resources, it is called as Akhlaq. 1.2 Current related issues Ethics is usually defined by a written code of ethics. In the Middle East not many organizations and professions have written codes of ethics (Mudawanat Alsuluk) and violation is the norm rather than exception (AMAN, 2006). Behaviors that conform to those written codes of ethics are considered ethical and whatever violates the written standards is considered unethical. From that situation, it can be simply, people are not too concern about all this matter, when they talk about ethics, they usually do not remind about the moral and akhlaq. This is because, they are set their mind, the term of ethics just use in the business or information technology such as computer accessibility. As a Muslim, they should also think about that moral and akhlaq. In addition, the new code ethics was create, which is the Islamic Work Ethics (IWE). This philosophy was create to orientation that shapes and influences the involvement and participation of believers in the workplace. It implies that work is a virtue in light of a persons needs, and is a necessity for establishing equilibrium in ones individual and social life (Nasr, 1984). IWE views work as a means to further self-interest economically, socially and psychologically, to sustain social prestige, to advance societal welfare and reaffirm faith. The concept has its origin in the Quran and the sayings and practice of the Prophet Mohammed. METHODOLOGY In completing this term paper, the secondary literatures are used to enable in depth understanding of ethics from the Islamic perspective with the moral and akhlaq concept. The secondary resources which is from readings on a book and the web pages, so the major instrument that has been used is literature review. Based on the reading, this topic has many references in a Malay writing, but there is no problem on that, after read in Malay and understand the content, the term paper writing has been continued. By reviewing the literature, all the information will be paraphrased based on the understanding. The reference to literature review that has been used is article journal about the Islamic ethics that can be obtained from the online journal databases access. Another method applied for finishing this term paper is data collection from the web page and it is just for back up information if there any lack of data collection. Approach that had been used in completing this term paper is understands from the readings and reviewing from the materials obtained and understand it. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF ETHICS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: MORAL AND AKHLAQ There are various definitions of ethics, moral and akhlaq. The various definitions are produced from various reading materials, such as book and article journal, so there is many opinions from the philosophers. Ethich from Islamic perspective are more concern to the religion behavior, code and ethics. Islam is supposed to be a complete way of life. A Muslim is bound by Islamic rules and hence is obliged to follow the instructions as prescribed in the Quran and Hadiths. Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God (Allah). The very name of the religion, al-Islam in Arabic, means submission and peace, for it is in submitting to Gods will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. Islam is considered to be a comprehensive religion and its ethical system is considered to be one of the major ethical systems. Realize about the importance of establishing an ethical system in the all fields, especially at our present time which is witnessing an ever increasing ethical problems, several specialist organizations have prepared codes of ethics to be complied with by members of those organizations. By generally, in Islam, ethics have two dimensions; first ethics toward Allah, the creator. A Muslim has to believe in Allah and has to worship Him. The second is ethics toward others; a Muslim business person has to deal ethically with others by maintaining good treatment and good relationship. This paper is of vital importance because people do not know sometimes what is ethical unless they study ethics. Ethics provide an essential foundation for business transactions (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 1). They are essential for organizational effectiveness and are necessary for interpersonal relations. 3.1 Definition and Concept of Ethics Ethics is defined as a branch of philosophy that deals withmoral behavior. Morality refers to whether something is right or wrong, good or bad. Although morality is a complex concept, it can be defined in terms of both means and ends. Means is the process which occurs, while Ends refers to the consequences (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2). Ethics may also be defined as: [. . .] a systematic inquiry into the beliefs we have and the management we make about what is morally right or wrong and morally good or evil. It is an inquiry that attempts to answer the following questions: What kinds of conduct are morally right or wrong? And what things are good and what things are evil? (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2) Ethics is also defined as the code of moral principles that sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong behavior (Schemerhorn, 2008, p. 32). Ethical behavior is what is accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong in the context of the governing moral code. Islamic ethics is defined as the code of moral principles that are prescribed by the Quran and Sunnah (Hadith or sayings of Prophet Mohammad). Islamic ethics is based on rational methods as well as revelation. Revelation provides the truth which rational methods lead to understanding and appreciation of truth. Hence, Islamic ethics is based on tawheed, or unity principle, which determines the unique relationship between God and man; man and man; and man and his environment (Alhabshi, 1993, p. 83). Within the Islamic culture, the term that is mostly associated with ethics is referred to in the Holy Quran as Khouloq (Beekun, 2004, p. 2). Allah in the Quran has described Prophet Mohammad as a Prophet of good ethics. 3.2 Definition and Concept of Moral According to Peter Baelz (1977), morals and ethics often have the same meaning. However, is very useful if we could distinguish between the both of them, even though we often failed to make such a difference. While the N. Capaldi, E. Kelly and L.E. Navia (1981) stated that. In form of etymology, the English words ethical and moral is exactly same. Because of that, the study of ethics and moral actually just one and it is a same. The moral issues are practical issues, but not all belong to the practical issues in the field of ethics. It is because, moral more specifically examine the good and bad, right wrong and how individual should act in a particular situation. Therefore, moral was refers to disciplines knowledge that investigate the various about the human behavioral. Such as the opinion that written by J.L. Mackie (1971): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦moral and ethics can analyze the once action whether that is right or wrong; it is can provide a clear line of distinction about acts and of an internal disposition, whether good or bad; or at least, be able to develop a knowledge of ethics guidelines that can be adopted to make various moral of judgments. 3.2 Definition and Concept of Akhlaq According to Mohd. Nasir Omar, (2010) on his book, Akhlaq is refers to the nature, habits, customs, familiarity, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and lifestyle of the individual or group of individuals. In fact, belief system or religion by a person also often included under the definition of akhlaq by many researchers. It is because of religion greatly influenced the thinking and lifestyle of the individual (Ibn Manzur t.t II: 1244-1248 and Jamil Saliba 1971, I: 49). While according to Ibn Miskawayh (1966), akhlaq is refers to the situation that forms in a human and it is function as a executive power that was directed that individuals by doing all his habits. Many philosopher was agreed with that statement that akhlaq related with the disposition that create in a person (al-nafs/soul) of a human. Spiritual dimension of the situation is very important because it is the cause of all acts done by humans. Therefore, akhlaq is does not refer to the act of good or bad done by a person, but to someone spiritual dimension pressing to do an act, whether good or bad. Akhlaq is located in the interior of humans soul and in the meanwhile, the act are refers to the exterior is made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from morality. Hence, a good moral will of course realize that good deeds and vice versa. PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS According to Hanafy and Salam (1995), classified ethical principles of Islam into six categories, which is: truthfulness, trust, sincerity, brotherhood, science and knowledge and justice. Principles of Islamic Business Ethics Justice Science and knowledge Brotherhood Sincerity Trust Truthfulness In order to get a pleasure from the Almighty, as a Muslim, it is should be followed this six principle of Islamic ethics by doing all the business or activities in their daily life. TRUTHFULNESS: Truthfulness is a basic ethical value of Islam and the meaning of Islam itself is, in a way, the other name of truth. There is no scope for cheating, telling lies, swearing too much, and providing false advertising in the Islamic framework of business. TRUST: Trust is another fundamental ethical principle of Islam and the essence of the trust is the sense of acountability, which is the sense of having to appear before Allah S.W.T and to account for ones action. All the activities were conducted well in no case harm or damage the society or the environment. SINCERITY: Islam attaches great importance to the sincerity of intentions and actions in every walk of life. For example such as ethical code results in more efficiency as well as a high rate of productivity. Sincerity also discourages manipulation or exploitation of others for personal reasons. BROTHERHOOD: Islam declares all human beings are brothers to each other wihout the distinctions of race, colour, tribe, caste and language of an individual or group. Everyone is entitled to an ethically right behavior irrespective of distinctions of caste, creed, race, or territory. SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE: Islam makes it obligatory for Muslims to seek knowledge and obtain excellence in performance. Research and development is highly encouraged in Islam. It such concern about science and knowledge in the Islamic code of ethics has been highly fruitful for Islamic civilisation in the past. JUSTICE: Justice is undoubtedly a prerequisite of business and trade as it encompasses the entire whole series of human life. The whole universe is based on the concept of justice and balance.justice here means that every one should be treated as he or she deserves, without any undue pressure or discrimination. CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG INFORMATION / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNEL Muslims unethical behavior is influenced by several factors, such as stage of formal development, personal values and personality, family influence, peer influenceand so on. The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel CHALLENGES EXPLANATION Stage of moral development The lunatic, the sleeper and the child before puberty not responsible for their behavior. Personal value and personality One who stresses honesty will behave differently from those who do not respect others rights. The locus of control also affects individual ethical behavior (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, p. 112). Family influence The home is the place to start being a good Muslim. Children are likely to be ethical if they see their parents and other members of the family consistently adhere to high standards. In Islam, it is easier for a parent to teach his kids what is right (halal ) and what is wrong (haram) than to teach them rules and principles of good conduct and behavior. Peer influence Children are influenced by actions of their peers with whom they interact. Islam urges people to be very selective of peers as they have very big influence on companions. This coincides with the Arabic proverb Birds of a feather flock together or A person is known by the company he keeps. Life influence Key events like taking part in Alhajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) for example has a positive impact on Individual behavior. As the Quran states: Whoever goes to Hajj comes back from his journey innocent and pure and white as of the day of birth. Situational challenges It is the situation that sometimes makes one behave unethically, as the only way out. For example, a secretary may lie when answering a phone as the only way to turn away a client. She may simply lie by saying that the manager is not in the office while he is in fact in. On many occasions, the researcher has observed many Muslim secretaries quit their jobs simply to avoid being forced to tell such lies. However, lying is acceptable in Islam under three conditions: first, in wars; second, to solve conflicts between people; third, husband lying to his wife or vice versa for the sake of getting closer to each other and saving the marriage, e.g. saying I love you while it is the opposite (Hadith), or you are the most beautiful woman in the world. All this is meant to strengthen the ties between couples. Societal challenges People try to conceal unethical behavior and always justify their actions as being ethical in order to please members of society. In Muslim cultures, society places a heavy pressure on individuals to practice wasta, so a manager may have to deviate from the rules and regulations of the business in order to please a cousin, a friend or a neighbor. On one hand, wasta is considered as ethical and legal, e.g. in solving conflicts, while on the other hand, it can be viewed as illegal and unacceptable when it is used to override established laws and traditions, e.g. in obtaining favors like jobs. In Muslim cultures, a business person is more concerned about what others might think of his decision than what he thinks himself. Table 1: The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel (Source: Abuznaid, 1990) GUIDELINES TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG INFORMATION / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNEL In Islam, Allah emphasizes the following ethical guidelines as being outlined in the Holy Quran. These guidelines govern the Islamic code of ethics relating to a persons daily life and business dealings. Muslims are required at all times to behave islamically because Allah himself is watching their practices. In response to these challenges, several guidelines are proposed as follows: Be patient. Islamic business people should not get angry and should not be irritated (Holy Quran, XXV:63) and (Holy Quran, III:134). Be fair and just. A Muslim business person has to be fair and just in all his dealings. He has to be fair with his employees; he has to give fair wages and has to be fair and kind with animals when slaughtering them (Holy Quran, II:278-279). Be humble. Being humble is the opposite of being arrogant. Being humble is a great characteristic of Muslims. Business people should be humble and down to earth (Holy Quran, XXVI:215). Be complacent. Being complacent is another characteristic of a Muslim. Muslim business people should be satisfied with what Allah has allocated them. To Muslims complacency is not the enemy of progress as the West views it. Be generous. Being generous is the opposite of being stingy. Alkareem is in fact one of Allahs magnificent names meaning being generous. Alkaram (generosity) is another characteristic of the Muslim business people. They should be generous in giving money and goods to the needy. Islam urges people to give legal alms or obligatory charity (Az-Zakat). Az-Zakat is an ordinance prescribed by Islamic law. Social responsibility is another important principle in management practices. Sadaqat (donations), not obligatory, are very much urged in the Holy Quran (Holy Quran, LVI:77) and (Holy Quran, XLIV:17,26). Be dignified. A business person in Islam should not indulge in investments that are not Halal. Halal is the opposite of Haram. Halal is ethical while haram is unethical. Examples of haram earnings for a Muslim include trading in alcohol, Be trustful (Al Amaneh). Being trustful means giving rights to others. For example, if you borrow some money from someone, you are supposed to return it at the agreed time at no interest. A good loan with no interest is an example of Islamic financial dealings (Alkird Al hasan) (Holy Quran, XL32) and (Holy Quran, IV:58). Be friendly. Muslims should be friendly and united at all times. No discrimination exists among Muslims, regardless of nationality, gender or color. The only difference between Muslims should be on the basis of piety (Holy Quran, XLIX: 10, 13). Be equitable. Equity is the opposite of injustice. A Muslim manager should be equitable. In Islam people should be treated fairly and with equity. Do not be involved in fraud. A Muslim business person should treat others the same way he himself would like to be treated (Holy Quran, XVI: 90, IV: 58). Do not bribe. The practice of all kinds of bribes is forbidden in Islam (Holy Quran, II: 188). However, there should be differentiation between sadakat (donations), gifts, and bribes. Gifts are encouraged in Islam because they help gain friendship. The prophet encourages the use of gifts saying Give more gifts so you be better liked (Hadith). Bribes on the other hand are unethical. Bribes are used to influence decisions. There are two kinds of bribes: the lubrication bribe and the white mail bribe. The white mail bribe generally involves an elaborate system for concealing the use of large sums of corporate cash. This type of bribe is used to buy influence in high places (Abuznaid, 1990, p. 319). From these key guidelines principles of ethics, we can conclude that Islam is a religion of high-moral standards. Muslim business people are urged in Al Quran and Al Sunnah to follow certain principles and guidelines. (Source: Abuznaid, 2009) CONCLUSION As stated above, the main purpose of this term paper is to discuss the meaning of ethics from an Islamic perspective. The research has defined Islamic management ethics as those guidelines and principles that are prescribed by the Holy Quran and sunnah (hadith). The paper has give explanation on the major determinants of individual ethical behavior in Islam and pinpointed based on the moral and akhlaq. Besides that, the paper has outlined some of the ethical principles which is the principles of Islamic business ethics. This paper has also discussed the challenges in encouraging Islamic ethical behaviors among information / information technology personnel. It further helps non-Muslim people become more aware of management ethics in an Islamic environment by giving them a better understanding of the subject, thus making it easier for them to carry out all the activities in an Islamic culture. However, it must be stated that there is not one united form of applied Islamic teachings am ong different Muslim countries. It is widely known that Middle Eastern countries have become more active in the global market place by applied their ethics. Moreover, this paper has outlined major commonalities between Islam and other religions on the subject of ethics from the Islamic perspective. Although this paper has presented the concept of ethics from Islamic perspective, hope all the Muslim are together applied all the ethics that are based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah to be an excellent humans. Therefore, it is the duty of all researchers interested in this issue to develop this knowledge. May Allah gives guidance in this new endeavour. REFERENCES 8.1 Book Dr Muhammad Sharif Chaundry. (2006). Social and Moral Code of Islam. Batu Caves, Selangor: Masterpiece Publication Sdn. Bhd. Khaliq Ahmad. (2007). Management from Islamic Perspective: Principles and Practices. Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University Malaysia Press. Mohd Nasir Omar. (2010). Falsafah Akhlak. Bangi, Selangor: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi. (1990). Etika dan Ekonomi: Satu Sintesis Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd. 8.2 Article Journal Muhammad Arham. (2010). Islamic Perspective on Marketing. The Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 1 Iss: 2 pp, 149-164. Salam Abdallah. (2010). Islamic Ethics: An Exposotion for Resolving ICT Ethical Dilemmas. The Journal of Information, Communication Ethics in Society, Vol. 8 Iss: 3 pp, 289-301. Samir Ahmad Abuznaid. (2009). Business Ethics in Islam: The Glaring Gap in Practice. The International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 2 Iss: 4 pp, 278-288.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Arthritis :: essays research papers

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New tissue, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and grate and get in the way of movement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Paget's disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowager's hump," or other bone degeneration. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who don't suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that com e into play in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesn't. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis. It is second only to osteoarthritis in the number of its victims. It affects primarily the small joints in the hands and feet and the synovium, causing crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle age or earlier. Estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis run as high as one person in every hundred, and females are two to three times as likely to suffer from it. It seems to start more in the winter and after some siege of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this, scientists theorize that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmune disease, one in which the body acts as though it were allergic to itself. The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue instead of the stuff it is supposed to attack. Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis, fortunately it is a rare form of arthritis. It can lead to complications that are dangerous to life. It affects four times as many males as females, mostly young adults.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Reasons behind Self Induced Harm in Cases of Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is considered as an eating disorder which is usually mentioned together with anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorders; this so due to the fact that all three pertain to abnormalities in the eating patterns or tendencies of an individual which cause considerable risk (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2005). An eating disorder may not sound alarming, but in fact, severe disregard on over overall health may lead to dire consequences, especially in the case of bulimia.In addition, not only can malnutrition be caused by such a disorder, but cardiovascular and deadly complications may also arise (APA, 2005). Not only is bulimia referred to as a type of eating disorder, but it is also considered to be a severe mental health issue characterized by frequent events of binge eating and subsequent purging (Cooper, Todd, & Wells, 2009). This means that a massive amount of food is consumed by the individual with bulimia, and afterwards the food taken is expelled through v arious means of purging.Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and misuse of diuretics are considered to be the three main categories of how an individual achieves purging (Mehler, 2003). Due to such actions, the condition of the body would be in a state of severe imbalance, hence causing various symptoms or different levels of severity. The symptoms of bulimia are the occurrence of a continuous case of sore throat, inflamed salivary glands, puffy cheeks, deterioration of the teeth, gastroesophageal reflux disorder, intestinal disorder, kidney disorder, and severe body dehydration (APA, 2005).Bulimia can be differentiated from anorexia and binge eating on the basis of how eating is perceived and reacted upon by the individual, thus having different sets of symptoms. Unlike individuals with anorexia who avoid eating at all costs, bulimics eat a lot of food which is taken out afterwards; its difference to basic binge eating disorder is that instead of purging, individuals with bi nge eating disorder simply reach a state of regret afterwards (Grange & Lock, 2007).It is evident that a person that suffers from bulimia does significant physical harm to their bodies. Also, one must also take into account that individuals with bulimia are also commonly diagnosed with other psychiatric conditions including cases of current and long standing psychiatric disorders; these disorders may include depression, dissociative identity disorder, substance abuse disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and borderline personality disorder (Cooper et al. , 2009).The reason as to why they commit such acts of binge eating and purging, which does not only wear down and considerably weaken the body but also initiates fatal risks and complications, must therefore be identified. Based on statistics, out of 100,000 individuals, 26. 5 females and 0. 8 males are bulimics (Treasure, Schmidt, & Furth, 2003). The presence of such effects and sym ptoms upon an individual with bulimia makes it crucial for people to understand the core reasons so as to be able to identify peers who are currently suffering or at risk from the disorder and to provide proper aid in recovery and treatment as well.The fact that the actions done by bulimics are fueled by social, psychological, and emotional factors, especially their personal appraisal and their concept of ideal physical form, is rather becoming the common perception (Treasure et al. , 2003). However, current trends in studies also suggest genetically based explanations to eating disorders (Grice et al. , 2002). Developments in genetics and biological studies have allowed the possibility of bulimia as being directed by more than the social and behavioral factors, contrary to what was previously thought of.Given the extent of problems and risks as presented, awareness towards the details regarding bulimia nervosa is definitely beneficial. In relation to this, information regarding the causative agents as to why individuals with bulimia commit such harm towards themselves must be established. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa cause harm towards their own bodies. Methods In order to gather sufficient information regarding bulimia nervosa, a preliminary search for basic information from the internet was done. By browsing credible medical websites such as womenshealth.gov, medicinenet. com, mentalhealth. com, and nlm. nih. gov also known as Medline plus, basic familiarization with the disease or disorder was established. It must be understood, however, that this step was merely done in order to learn the basic terms and facts regarding bulimia. It was decided that a brochure on eating disorders from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is to be utilized as a source since the association is credible and the information is well-presented. Afterwards, a search for online journals related to bulimia nervosa was conducted in several medical, genetic, and psychiatric sites.Related journals were acquired from the databases of American Journal of Genetics (AJG), Archives of General Psychiatry (AGP), and the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Books on bulimia nervosa and eating disorders were provided by several peers. Examples of such books, which are generally recent releases and therefore provide updated information, are Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating: An Integrative Metacognitive and Cognitive Therapy Manual by Cooper, Todd and Wells (2009), and Treating Bulimia in Adolescents: A Family Based Approach by Grange and Lock (2007). DiscussionBulimia nervosa is considered to be caused by interconnected aspects, including those of psychosocial and biological origins (Treasure et al. , 2003). Thus, it is possible to assess the probable reasons as to why individuals with bulimia nervosa resort into committing harm towards their own bodies. In this sense, insig hts into the reasons can be efficiently acquired through the review of factors based on psychosocial and biological sources in a separate manner. Problems during early periods of the life of an individual may cause an individual to develop bulimia later on in life.Concerns regarding weight and appearance may develop early during childhood (Keel, 2006). An example of how early cases of problems in self-appraisal arise may be observed in the association between parents and children since these are the first sources of social interactions that an individual is commonly exposed to. When a child is taken good care of by his or her parents, he or she would come to perceive that he or she is rather important or precious; in the opposite sense, a child that is neglected tends to think that he or she is unwanted for several reasons (Treasure et al. , 2003).In this sense, the child might be led to think that something about his or her physical characteristics is undesirable. Furthermore, teas ing and possible mistreatment from the peers of a child regarding his or her appearance, especially their weight, may become imprinted in their thoughts as they age and develop. Thus, early on, a child may possibly develop a desire to lose weight and improve appearance (Treasure et al. , 2003). The point of displeasure towards the current state of appearance is commonly further established during adolescence as this is the phase wherein attraction between genders become apparent.It is also during adolescence that the actions are more controlled by the individual rather than by parents or authoritative figures; adolescents become aware of their capacity to question and to refuse to follow such figures. However, due to the fact that they are still not that knowledgeable, they are considerably prone to mistakes. If an adolescent develops a problem such as bulimia nervosa, it has been connected with increased risks of developing physical as well as mental disorders upon entering early a dulthood (Johnson et al., 2002). In addition, findings of a study done in 2003 reveal that the incidence of bulimia nervosa on adolescents increases as years pass; the main reason as to why teenagers choose to commit actions of risk-related behavior is their heavy focus and attention on physical appearance including weight (Forman, 2005). As a side note, adult incidences of the disorder are very much similar to the adolescent incidences in terms of risk factors, symptoms, and development (Cooper et al. , 2009).All of this information point towards the validation of interplay between psychosocial factors as a potential cause of bulimia nervosa. As a result, it becomes evident that a major reason as to why people with bulimia nervosa harm themselves is to maintain a good physical image, possibly in order to prevent potential negative judgment from other people and to portray a positive public appraisal based on appearance. For those with bulimia nervosa, keeping the ideal physical ima ge is vital and certainly of utmost importance, even more than their own welfare in the long run.In relation to this, the concept of keeping an ideal image may be directed by culture, personal cognitive tendencies, and/or derived from stressful events (Treasure et al. , 2003). Having defined the main reason behind the harm caused by individuals towards themselves based upon psychosocial factors, it is now important to assess the biologically based reasons behind it. As with numerous diseases and disorders, there is a current trend of discovering or determining the genetic triggers which initiate the onset of such problems.As mentioned, current research has revealed that there is a genetic or biological basis in the occurrence of bulimia nervosa (APA, 2005). In areas of medicine and genetics, a complex disease is one that is considered to involve the interaction of gene-based and environmental factors. Thus, such diseases cannot be passed on simply from parent to offspring; however, the tendency to develop susceptibility can be passed on and can be induced by mutations (Treasure et al. , 2003). In this sense, a person that is susceptible to develop bulimia nervosa is depicted to have genes or alleles that allow such susceptibility.Alone, a susceptibility gene cannot cause the development of the disease, but upon the addition of additional susceptibility genes, the interaction between the collection of genes leads to disease development (Treasure et al. , 2003). In fact, a study was conducted in order to assess the specific sets of chromosomes that confer bulimia. In the said study, it was mentioned that a portion of bulimia nervosa cases does indeed have a familial bearing, suggesting that its incidence in families with members that has bulimia is observed to be rather connected in terms of successive or prior cases of bulimia in the family (Cynthia et al., 2003). Given this, the researchers opted to analyze a significantly large sample wherein genetic data was collected and analyzed in order to determine where the susceptibility gene of bulimia is located. Exactly 308 families were used as sample, wherein a linkage analysis of the families regarding heritable genetic characteristics of bulimia, such as vomiting, was conducted. The results of the study from linkage analysis have shown that a dominant linkage results was observed between D10S1430 and D10S1423, implying that the effects of chromosome 10p in families with bulimia are the common denominator (Cynthia et al., 2003). With such proof of genetic basis in developing bulimia, especially since it was proven to be heritable, it becomes evident that there is indeed a biological basis in the presence of the disorder. In this sense, an individual may cause harm to themselves due to genetic interaction between susceptibility genes which confer bulimia and its symptoms, for example when genes that code for self-induced vomiting are activated, the individual will tend to induce vomiting upo n him or herself.Since bulimia can be considered as rather hereditary, environmental implications of affected families may also cause other members with sufficient susceptibility genes to develop bulimia. In this sense, there are mainly two identified reasons behind the harm those individuals with bulimia cause upon themselves. The first reason is in order to maintain a desired physical appearance of weight as dictated by personal, cognitive, stress, or cultural factors.The second reason is that the activation of certain genes, especially those in chromosome 10p, may cause the development of symptoms related to bulimia, which in turn may cause the development of the overall disorder. These results are not surprising due to the fact that it has long been a common thought that bulimia has psychosocial roots. Also, regarding the development of a genetically based causative agent to bulimia, it is a trend today, with the vast development in genetics, that certain diseases may be trigger ed by genetic factors.However, as mentioned, pointing out these reasons directly is rather beneficial so that individuals will become aware of the possible causes of developing bulimia and continuous suffering due to the disorder. In effect, individuals can practically assess cases where bulimia can already be detected and also provide preventive support to individuals which may have a higher risk of developing the disorder. In terms of future implications and significance of such results, these data can provide further insight and proof that bulimia nervosa, resulting in self-induced harm, is not only triggered by psychosocial factors but genetic factors as well.Hence, further research may make use of the data presented in order to provide further information regarding the specific areas under psychosocial factors and/or genetic factors. Conclusion The research yielded information regarding the causative agents of self induced harm in individuals with bulimia nervosa. It has been d etermined that the causes of self-induced harm can be divided into categories: psychosocial and genetic. In terms of psychosocial, it has been assessed that the roots of the problem may start young, possibly during infancy or childhood.The development into adolescence also further increases the risk of individuals to develop bulimia as the focus towards appearance is increased. Due to various factors such as negative peer judgment and inappropriate self-concept based on behavior, cognitive, cultural, and stress-related aspects, a person may choose to maintain optimum appearance and weight as he or she may see fit through self-induced vomiting which is a form of self-induced harm.In terms of the genetic factors, it has been assessed that the symptoms of bulimia nervosa is rather heritable; hence, the occurrence of the disorder has a familial basis. Specific effects of numerous susceptibility genes, which are generally connected to chromosome 10p, provide the genetic basis of the deve lopment of the problems associated with bulimia. In addition, it was also mentioned that self-induced harm such as purging is activated by specific genetic elements.Therefore, the aim of the research to list the reasons behind self-induced harm in cases of bulimia has been completely fulfilled due to the fact that the two main reasons for self-induced harm was enumerated, one being a desire for maintaining or developing an ideal appearance and weight-based on varying criteria and the other being the interaction of genetic elements which, when triggered, can lead to the symptoms such as induced vomiting which is considered to be self-induced harm. ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2006, November). Let’s Talk Facts About Eating Disorders. [Borchure]. Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://www. healthyminds. org/factsheets/LTF-EatingDisorders. pdf. Cooper, M. , Todd, G. , & Wells, A. (2009). Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating: An Integrative Metacognitive and Cognitive Therapy Manual. New York: Routledge. Cynthia, M. B. , Delvin, B. , Bacanu, S. , Thornton, L. , Klump, K. L. , Fichter, M.M. et al. (2003). Significant linkage in chromosome 10p in families with bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (1), 200–207. Forman, S. F. (2005). [Review of the book Clinical Handbook of Eating Disorders – An Integrated Approach]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352 (6), 636. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/352/6/636. pdf. Grange, D. L. & Lock, J. (2007). Treating Bulimia in Adolescents: A Family Based Approach. New York: The Guilford Press.Grice, D. E. , Halmi, K. A. , Fichter, M. M. , Strober, M. Woodside, D. B. , Treasure, J. T. et al. (2002). Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 787–792. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www. pubmedcentral. n ih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=384957&blobtype=pdf. Johnson, J. G. , Cohen, P. , Kasen, S. , Brook, J. S. (2002). Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adulthood.Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 545 – 552. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://archpsyc. ama-assn. org/cgi/reprint/59/6/545. pdf. Keel, P. K. (2006). Eating Disorders. New York: Infobase Publishing. Mehler, P. S. (2003). Clinical practice: Bulimia nervosa. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349 (9), 875–882. Retrieved April 22, 2009 from http://content. nejm. org/cgi/reprint/349/9/875. pdf. Treasure, J. , Schmidt, U. , & Furth, E. V. (2003). Handbook of Eating Disorders 2nd Edition. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.